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#sad girl

the trend

Der „sad girl“ Trend kursiert in den Sozialen Medien seit 2011 und ist gekennzeichnet durch traurige Bilder, Videosequenzen und Musik, vor allem in einer düsteren Ästhetik. Wir sehen Frauen beim Weinen mit verschmierter Mascara, Zigarette in der Hand, einem übergeworfenen Pelzmantel, geschwelgt in Melancholie.

Dabei sind die Darstellungen alles andere als harmlos: hier werden Trauer, Tränen und selbst Depressionen als eine Art Lifestyle verkauft. Durch diese Dramatisierung werden psychische Krankheiten und komplexe Gefühle vereinfacht und werden daher derer Vielschichtigkeit kaum gerecht. So entsteht ein „Schubladendenken“, was unsere Wahrnehmung beeinflusst wie Trauer zu sein und auszusehen hat.

Aufgekommen ist die Bewegung durch den Song von Lana Del Rey (2014), welche sich dabei als ultimatives „sad girl“ inszeniert. Die Bewegung kommuniziert, dass es erstrebenswert sei, eine tragische Figur zu sein und romantisiert diese, welche insbesondere eine sexistische Denkweise verstärkt. Die Frau ist tatenlos und aussichtslos ohne ihren Partner, der zwar Grund ihrer Traurigkeit und ihrer Tränen ist, den sie jedoch nie verlassen wird, weil ihr diese Tragik in ihrem Leben selbst gefällt.

Dabei ist der Sprung zum Selbsthass nicht weit: Selbstverletzung, Suizidgedanken und Essstörungen werden somit als Teil dieser Ästhetik angesehen. So finden sich explizite Bilder von Narben, Anleitungen zur Selbstverletzungen, “Ich hasse meinen Körper”- Zitate, Wagen und Maßbänder auf diversen Plattformen wieder. Daher entsteht hier kein Austausch von Betroffenen, sondern eine Verherrlichung von diesen Extremen, immer nach dem Motto: sei traurig, aber tu es so, dass du dabei noch heiß aussiehst!

Der Trend kann dabei auch als sehr exklusiv wahrgenommen werden, denn die Tränen einer schwarzen Frau und einer armen Frau sind es scheinbar nicht wert, dargestellt zu werden. Scheinbar interessiert es niemanden, wie man weint, wenn man sich die grundlegendsten Güter nicht leisten kann oder wenn man nicht in eine Gesellschaft passt, denn dann ist man nur eine Frau, die weint und nicht Teil einer “Bewegung”.

nothing new

Erstaunlicherweise finden wir die Wurzeln im viktorianischen Zeitalter, denn schon hier wurde die tragische, leidende und sogar sterbende Frau romantisiert. Diese Obsession entstand aus dem Verständnis heraus, dass tote Frauen am nächsten dem Ideal der Frau zur damaligen Zeit entsprachen: passiv, visionslos, stimmlos. So sind Fälle der romantisierten Nekrophilie überliefert, wobei es einerseits immer um die Verachtung der Frau geht, die einerseits als etwas Schönes und Begehrenswertes angesehen wird, aber gleichzeitig als etwas ohne Stimme, ohne Möglichkeit sich zur Wehr zu setzen, was als Ideal angepriesen wird: “the death, then, of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world” (Edgar Allan Poe, 1846).

Die Besessenheit vom tragischen Tod einer schönen jungen Frau ist  auch noch in den 2000ern ein heißbegehrtes und populäres Thema. Besonders auffällig wird dies bei den Selbstmorden von Evelyn McHale und Ruslana Korshunova, welche in den Medien groß abgebildet wurden. Die Begründung beruhte dabei nicht auf den Umständen der Tode, sondern einfach, weil beide „so schön“ auch nach ihrem Tod aussahen. Bei der TV-Serie „Americas Next Top Model“ sollen Kandatinnen tote Frauen darstellen und schön dabei aussehen, auch wenn einige Models dabei deutliche psychische Beschwerden gehabt hätten.

summary

Die „sad girls“ stellen ein sehr veraltetes Ideal von Zerbrechlichkeit und der “Jungfrau in Nöten” in einer neuen Verpackung dar. Dadurch wird ein tiefgehender Blick auf psychische Krankheiten, Trauer, Gewalt und negative Emotionen verweigert, da diese als begehrenswert angesehen werden. Somit ist die Betrachtung ausschließlich oberflächlich und lässt auch nur eine Ästhetik zu, zu welcher POC nicht gehören.

Ein offener Umgang mit traurigen Gefühlen sollte doch nicht nur denen zugesprochen werden, die gesellschaftlichen Normen entsprechen, also weißen, schlanken Frauen, denn es ist wichtig, über Trauer, Schwierigkeiten und psychisches Leiden zu sprechen oder auch zu weinen.

Mindestens genauso bedeutsam ist es jedoch, solche Darstellungsformen zu hinterfragen und die Komplexität hinter Gefühlen zu verstehen, denn es sollte um mehr gehen, als nur um weinende Frauen mit verschmierter Mascara aufgrund von ästhetischen Bemühungen.

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Am I depressed or just a foreigner?

I am the foreigner

And one can see that

I do not speak

Just like you

I come from the beetroot

Where the aubergines get purple at dawn

They are like me

All terrified

We were shifted without our roots

The original title of this post was “Am I depressed or just a migrant?” but the remembrance of feeling the same way I do feel now when I was in Brazil led me to rethink my words.

Migrating is a condition, a shared lonely experience, a challenge for anyones self-esteem. However, I feel that once you’re a foreigner, you’ll always be, no matter where you are. If back in Brazil now, I wouldn’t be an immigrant anymore, but I’d still feel like a foreigner as I felt before.

When you leave for your own will and not for “major” reasons – as war or natural hazards – the thought “how would it be like if I had never moved?” or “what if I come back?” are like small bugs following you around from time to time. Then you remember that there was a reason to leave so much behind. Life starts to be a matter of balancing reasons.

In times like these, I go back to “Cavalo”, music album by Rodrigo Amarante, that used to be my company during my first foreigner crisis.

Rodrigo Amarante was guitarist in one of the most famous bands of the 2000s in Brasil, Los Hermanos. When the band came to an end, he moved to Los Angeles. He went from huge celebrity to unknown small artist and it took some years until he released his first album solo, “Cavalo”, that has this in-between identity issues as one of the big topics.

Being a multilingual album, Cavalo brings a half (sometimes not) – understanding experience. Something so ordinary living abroad. Words cannot afford the meaning of some everyday conversations.

The songs are melancholic but beautiful, like some lonely nights in Weimar. They remind me that to accept my necessity of movement, though painful, is vital.

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How to make an ocean?

KASIA MOLGA, since 2019

https://www.studiomolga.com/art_HTMAO.html

https://www.studiomolga.com/howtomakeanocean/

To quote a curator Lars Rummel: “The installation creates a space that allows a profoundly human experience without the need to fear the consequences: crying. It reaches out to all who mourn regardless of the reason – to make a connection, create awareness, and have a space to grieve: where no tear is shed in vain. Life and joy can grow out of sorrow – be it energetically, spiritually, or emotionally, it always leads to growth and transformations.”

From Winter of 2019 until recently Kasia Molga has been collecting her tears – first when she cried after losing 3 loved ones in the Autumn 2019. Then with the start of COVID-19 she “trained herself” to cry in order to relieve her anxiety. And then to explore the chemical composition of human tears to see how they could make a healthy tiny marine ecosystem. To use her own tears to host a sea life became a form of catharsis and a constructive way to deal with personal and also then environmental loss. In addition to that Kasia started investigating how her mental health (and level of the aforementioned anxiety) is affected by the narrative of her “online life” – news & info feeds which were curated by algorithms. She started to wonder whether she could use this to cry and thus feed her mini-oceans.

The result: an experience, set in a 4 parts.

PART 1: THE MINI OCEAN COLLECTION
There are 30 to 50 tiny bottles – each contains my tears and a North Sea algae. Each has a date, a reason for crying and the name of hosted algae. There is a log of Kasia’s diet from the period of the research, accompanied by a log of presence of chemical elements (N, P, K) important for healthy growth of algae. These elements can be regulated by a diet. Artist wanted to know how she could use her bodily waste to care for the environment, which we have destroyed? The main question she posed here was: “Can I look after my physical and mental health in order to be of ‘use’ to other life forms? Or can environmental health be an indicator of our own health.”

PART 2: THE MOIROLOGIST BOT EXPERIENCE
A space for a visitor to relax, reflect and to maybe shed some tears. There is a comfortable chair, the set of Tools for Tears Assesment on the table next to the chair and in front there awaits an AI Moirologist.
More about it on Moirologist Bot page here.

PART 3: THE MINI-OCEAN LAB & TOOL FOR TEARS’ ASSESMENT
When ready to harvest tears – or to donate them – one needs tools to catch them, store them, asses their chemical composition (and nutritional value) to match them with the right type of algae, then to mix them with a drop of sea water and algae and place them under some light for a while before closing the tiny bottle.
More about Tools for Tears’ Assesment & The Mini-Ocean Lab here.

PART 4: WORKSHOP-PERFORMANCE
It is a form of a guided mediation for a group of 10 to 15, led by Kasia in collaboration with the Moirologist Bot, using queues and prompts which I have learnt about while researching what makes us cry. More about the Workshop-Performance here.

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the defensive mimic theory

The defensive mimic theory offers an explanation for the striking similarities between crying and laughing.

It states that crying and laughing, as well as other emotional human expressions may originally stem from our defensive reflexes, which were and still are essential to our survival by protecting the body’s surface ((contracting the eyes, pulling the cheeks and upper lips up, lifting your shoulders, bending your knees, the head goes to the chest etc.) which all are characteristics that occur in both laughing and crying, especially as the expression intensifies) 

More precisely, they might stem from the act of exaggeratedly mimicking defensive reflexes in stressful situations, especially in situations of conflict.  

Throughout processes of evolution, crying and laughing may have proven to be useful social signals, effective for regulating ones and others emotions and thus regulating group dynamics by reducing aggression and evoking comfort. 

Its important to note that while mimicking defensive reflexes may be the starting stone of crying and laughing, they now have evolved, through evolution into something much more complex.

Most of my information stems of the article: “The origin of smiling, laughing, and crying: The defensive mimic theory”, which was researched and written by Michael S. A. Graziano (a scientist, author and professor of psychology and neuroscience at Princeton University) in: “Evolutionary Human Sciences“, and was published online by “Cambridge University Press” on the 03 of March 2022:

Die Schreckposition, nachgestellt in der App Manikin. (Screenshot)

Bildquelle: https://64.media.tumblr.com/7ce47229900e68f6eb632c4f5a2f76f7/tumblr_oosbk3vFL01txyvnbo6_r1_500.gif

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Tear Gun

After an altercation with a tutor, Yi-Fei Chen created this visual metaphor to show her personal struggle with speaking her mind.

Chen was born in Taiwan, where she was brought up with a strong sense of authority and taught that disagreeing with teachers was rude.

Because of this, she struggled to question her tutors when she came to the Netherlands to study for her masters degree.

“The difficulties living as a foreigner in another country lead to high pressures in the study environment,” she said. “Those pressures had been building for 18 months before finally reaching a crisis point during one of my midterm presentations.”

During the presentation, Chen was asked by a tutor to prepare more work in a short timeframe – something she felt impossible.

However, she couldn’t muster up the courage to say this out loud and went on to attempt to do the work. Soon after, she was sat in another presentation where the dean of the school told her she was underprepared.

“I was stage stuck and did not know how to react, but I did not say my thoughts aloud,” she said. “Furthermore, the reason he was angry was that I might have misunderstood him.”

When a classmate stood up for her and expressed her anger at the tutor’s scalding, Chen felt that her “politeness became her weakness” and was overrun with emotion.

“I was too emotional to control myself, I could not hold my tears so I cried,” she said. “I turned my back to the others, because I did not want people to see me crying.”

Chen has now visualized this personal struggle with speaking her mind as a conceptual graduation project – a brass gun that fires tears she has collected.

This happens in three stages. The user first puts on a mask with a silicon cup that catches the tears. The tears are frozen in a bottle, which is then loaded onto the gun – allowing the frozen tears to be fired.

At her graduation, Chen had the opportunity to point and fire the tear gun at head of department Jan Boelen. She took it.

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Women‘s Tear Machine Gun

Neurobiologist Noam Sobel at the Weizmann Institute of Science has peered into subjects’ brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging while only sniffing the tears. When men sniff the tears, their breathing rates, skin temperature, and testosterone levels sank and as high levels of testosterone can be associated with increased possibilities for aggression this is a significant discovery and means of reducing violence. 

Based on this, Ken Rinaldo invented a tear gun with bullets filled with women’s tears in an attempt to appeal for the end of all wars and against gun violence.

Click the link below for more details: https://www.kenrinaldo.com/portfolio/womans-tears-machine-gun-2015/

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he doesn’t know but she says that

Gertrud Koch schreibt in einem Aufsatz über Tränen im Kino: “”Im Kino gewesen – geweint.” notiert der notorische Kinogänger Franz Kafka in seinem Tagebuch. Im Kino gewinnt das Weinen ästhetische Autonomie – Weinen um des Weinens Willen.” (“Zu Tränen gerührt. Zur Erschütterung im Kino”) Hitchcock hat darüber mal in einem Interview etwas Interessantes gesagt, wenn er über genussvolles Weinen im Kino spricht: https://youtu.be/QPGgQjERWUs?t=559 (Bei Hitchcock ist das noch geschlechtlich stereotyp auf die weinende Zuschauerin bezogen, aber trotzdem interessant).

(NILS)

20.11.22

|

| @https://youtu.be/QPGgQjERWUs?t=559:

 Hitchcock:“So what is a good cry as opposed to a bad cry. I   

 don’t know but she says that.”

sehr interessant: Weinen und Privileg? 

(HELENA)

10.02.22

Hitchcock sagt also, das weiß er nicht, was good cry / bad cry voneinander unterscheidet 

er kam wohl nicht in den Genuss des crying 

wobei es ja weniger um Genuss geht als um einen Überlebensmechanismus zum Stressabbau 

oder eine Kommunikation als Hilferuf 

oder 

oder 

oder 

alles wichtig 

(HELENA)

13.02.22

das Bild einer schönen Frau, die erfüllend weint uff

(HELENA)

|

| @ “wobei es ja weniger um Genuss geht”

Weinen auf einen Überlebensmechanismus zu reduzieren geht aber gerade am ästhetischen Weinen vorbei, das um seiner selbst willen genussvoll durchlebt werden kann. Eine Möglichkeit, Good Crying zu denken: Im Kino weinen wir angesichts einer Fiktion. Wir wissen, dass das Erfahrene und Ergreifende nicht in einem herkömmlichen Sinn real ist. Das verwandelt auch die Tränen.

Befreit vom existentiellen Gewicht, das traurige Tränen im Kontext der gewöhnlichen Lebensrealität begleitet, kann das Weinen im Kino als intensiver Affekt erfahren und als Lebendigkeitsgefühl genossen werden.

Weinend treten wir aus dem Bannkreis unserer eigenen Biographie heraus.

(NILS)

Wenn wir es aus dem Bannkreis unserer Sozialisation, Geschlechterkonzeption raus geschafft haben

(HELENA)

(NILS) _______________________________________________________________________(HELENA)

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Chlorophyll Tears: Plants, Grief and Crying…

In the brief time between Christmas and the New Year, everything seems dead. In the northern Hemisphere, at least, it’s cold, wintery and grey, everyone has gone home for the holidays and the streets of student towns like Weimar and Jena are suddenly eerily empty. What can you do if you’re craving warmth and life during this week? Well, I personally decided to go to the botanical garden in Jena to look at some plants, and ended up thinking a lot about crying, tears, and what it means for us as humans to observe nature and project our own baggage onto it.

Ah, plants. They’re all around! On the street, growing between cobblestones, hanging from bookshelves in messy WG-rooms… They’ve been around a long time, obviously. As have we. And it’s safe to assume that plants have always had a special meaning for the people that interact with them; from houseplants to the trees in your favorite park, they are something like silent companions, a reminder that not everything was made by human hands, and that there are things that grow and change without us, and live on after we’re dead.

Crying is also a fundamental part of the human experience, and sadness is something we like to project onto other beings and things, be that out of a desire to connect or just out of our self-centered view of the world. I recognize sad faces in power outlets, in air bubbles in slices of bread, and, of course, I recognized tears and “sadness” in the plants at the botanical garden in Jena. I saw heart-shaped leaves and droopy flowers, and thought of how plants and tears are connected on so many levels, which led me to my theme of Chlorophyll Tears.

A common first association for us is the classic image of the Weeping Willow, a tree that literally has the word “weeping” in its name. Its sad, long, limp, drooping branches grow downwards, as if it just couldn’t be bothered to try anymore (we all know that feeling). What I didn’t know, is that there is an entire category of trees that also have the word “weeping” in their names, like the Weeping Flowering Apricot and the Weeping Atlas Cedar, that also share these same characteristics. They can also be found in graveyards, which brings me to the connection between plants and death, and, by extension, grieving.

I realized that there are a lot of examples in fiction of characters in stories who die and are buried under trees. In the original story of Cinderella, for example, her mother is buried under a Weeping Willow; in the new stop-motion adaptation of Pinocchio, Gepetto’s human son is also buried, and a tree is planted on his grave. In Sleepy Hollow, there is literally a tree that is called “The Tree of the Dead”, under which the Horseman had been buried many years before. These are just some examples, but it is definitely something we see often. In this way, some trees become a “designated crying place”, a place to sit in the shade and grieve the loss of a loved one.

It also seems as though the tree symbolizes a continuation of the life the person has lived; in a sense, they “live on” through this plant that now nourishes itself from the decomposing corpse. In their project, “Capsule Mundi”, designers Raoul Bretzel and Anna Citelli created a burial method that has exactly this intention; a type of egg-shaped “pod” where you could be buried, onto which a new tree could attach its roots and grow in your absence. It’s also hard to ignore the presence of flowers at funerals and memorials, as well as stories like that of the “forget-me-not”, which reference grief and attribute the blue color of their petals to tears. Death is every living thing’s final destination (except for maybe that immortal Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish). Therefore, it’s somehow poetic that the plant kingdom also takes part in our human rituals, provides comfort and brings beauty to the sad happenings of life. In many ways, death connects us all, regardless of our taxonomy.

But enough about us, what about them? Do plants feel pain? Do they grieve? Cry, even? I suppose that’s what we want to know about every living thing, or sometimes even non-living thing. Typical humans, projecting their own feelings onto completely nonsensical contexts. I, for one, have been googling for as long as the internet has been a thing, always trying to find out if my pets could feel the same things I could, if they cried too (I was a crying enthusiast as a child, and, honestly, still am). I never had my own plants until I started university, and then my thoughts went to them. Do my houseplants get sad? Do the trees in Germany get cold in winter, and cry, just like us, international students from tropical climates?

As it turns out, trees do, in fact, emit ultrasonic sounds (A.K.A. screams?) when they are distressed, for example, when they don’t have enough water. The xylems that carry fluids from the roots to the leaves start picking up air particles when there is no water left, and after a certain point this can be deadly. There are scientific projects in motion that aim to pick up on these frequencies that we cannot hear, so as to quickly water trees at risk of dehydration.

These ultrasonic sounds are, of course, sounds, however, could they be categorized as crying? In a way, the dehydrated trees are suffering, and are expressing their suffering. It’s a natural occurrence; they can’t control the sounds they make. They react to a circumstance that brings them pain, and so do we, when we cry out of sadness. We also don’t always have the intention of crying; we sometimes also cry alone, we make unintelligible noises, too. In that sense, I suppose trees do cry… And we can’t hear them.

So as an exercise, I’d like to suggest you check up on your houseplants, and on the trees you see on your way to work or class; offer them a kind word, a gentle pat, a cup of water, and tell them it’s ok to cry; if you’re a crybaby like me, they’ve probably seen you cry a lot too.

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crying and laughing

I suddenly remembered one afternoon an idiom about crying, crying and laughing. It made me very curious, it seems that in my perception, crying and laughing are a pair of antonyms, are there times when these two emotions are expressed at the same time?


Have you ever had such an experience? Laughing when you are in tears of pain, or shedding tears when you are extremely happy and joyful.

Crying and laughing at the same time …

Whether crying uncontrollably or laughing wantonly, the purpose is to regulate in order to adapt to the internal senses and the needs of the environment.

Psychologists have pondered the relationship between behavioral responses and emotions, and have argued that each underlying emotion has a unique circuit. For example, when something we hope to accomplish ultimately fails, we experience the anticipation of sadness, and this emotion activates a series of neural structures that create substantial sadness in the limbic system, which then continues along the circuit to produce several responses in the face and trunk, i.e., pouting/crying/and body curling. This is consistent with common sense. However, the only possible explanation for the situation of laughing while extremely sad is that there is a temporary psychological abnormality that interferes with the normal emotional response circuitry.

This abnormal reaction is mentioned in the paper by Oriana R. Aragón et al. (2015). To paraphrase my words, there is no direct causal link between the kind of emotion that appears in the face of the event and the behavioral response, both laughing and crying are part of the regulation, and the meaning of the behavioral response is an effective regulation to reconcile the internal and external environment.

Oriana R. Aragón, Margaret S. Clark, Rebecca L. Dyer, and John A. Bargh 2015: Dimorphous Expressions of Positive Emotion: Displays of Both Care and Aggression in Response to Cute Stimuli, in: Psychological Science, Vol. 26(3), pp. 259–273, DOI: 10.1177/0956797614561044, https://clarkrelationshiplab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Psychological%20Science-2015-Arag%C3%B3n-259-73.pdf

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Oskar Kokoschka and his autobiographical lithographs

Hey everyone I wanted to share with you some images and details about Oskar Kokoschka and his lithographs, which he did for the Bach cantata with the name:

/O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort/

Here the link to the original cantata with an orchestra : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJX8hlCZC8M

All lithographs drawn for the text of the cantata are collected in this book. As I was only able to find 6 of the original 11 litographs drawn by Oskar Kokoschka in another book I bought this book second hand to see all of his works. (I took this photo of my copy)

The drawings reflect on Kokoschkas life and his relationship with Alma Mahler. Alma Mahler was the wife of the famous composer and conductor Gustav Mahler. She was a famous personality in Vienna at the beginning of the 20th century, as she was part of the music, literature and art movement at the time.

Oskar Kokoschka met her when he was hired to draw a portrait of Alma Mahler. Kokoschka fell in love with her the first night they met and they had a very intense relationship for about 3 years. In these 3 years they experienced a lot of ups and downs. Kokoschka was a very jealous partner and he tried to control her social life. Alma got pregnant but decided to get an abortion, a loss for Kokoschka from which he never fully recovered. Next to these dramatic events they were madly in love and when Alma Mahler decided to break up with Oskar Kokoschka it was very hard for both of them.

After the break up Kokoschka went to war and was badly injured. Alma Mahler did not visit him at the hospital because she said she does not believe his wounds nor him anymore. When Kokoschka returned home he hired a doll-maker to produce a doll which should look exactly like his lost love Alma. The doll was later destroyed but it was build with every detail Kokoschka remembered about Almas body and features.

The Alma Mahler Doll. Here is the link to where I found this photo: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https://twitter.com/jerrysaltz/status/807037646514061313?lang=de&psig=AOvVaw2wbzE0MN9zGAyA0uyN2-JK&ust=1668868931406000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCNDQ0rH7t_sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR 

His relationship to Alma Mahler inspired him a lot and very famous paintings like the “Windsbraut” were created during this period. He kept on saying that at least in these paintings they are together forever. Kokoschka compared his love for Alma Mahler to the medival story of “Tristan and Iseult” which symbolizes the pain and heartbreak he had to go through.

Img 1: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/favoriten/c-lokales/leopold-museum-eine-verhaengnisvolle-liebe-oskar-kokoschka-alma-mahler_ a3342003&
Img 2: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https://www.oskar-kokoschka.ch/de/1020/1244/Die%20Windsbraut&psig=AOvVaw05nFXXRawHMrAZw-semXEQ& ust=1668869248094000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCKjWwcf8t_sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF 
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Datafication of Crying

Hi everyone, first of all: Happy New Year (within the Gregorian calendar). I hope you all had a nice restorative time during this small lecture break.  

Here follows the blogpost describing the existing crying material I have selected:

589 Days of Crying by Robin Weis

For my PhD-research, I am exploring personal data, what they are, and what they mean to people. Part of my research is exploring how to move beyond our current understanding of (personal) data, which is often limited to easy to quantify activities and phenomena (e.g., step count and heart rate data), and explore how to incorporate qualitative experiences, as these are quintessential as to how we understand our worlds. With this lens and interest, I discovered the work of Robin Weis.

Figure 1. Robin Weis’ classification scale for the type / intensity of cry. Own visualisation.

For personal reasons, Robin Weis started to track her cries, collect a database, and visualise this. This process required her to define what counts as a cry (“I defined a “cry” to begin once I shed a tear and end when I regained composure.”), distinguish between different types / intensities of crying (see Figure 1), and determine exclusion criteria (cries triggered by “sensational stimuli” such as allergies or laughter were not included).  Within this frame, the date, time, intensity, location, and context of 589 days of crying were tracked and visualised, resulting in the following visualisation:

Figure 2. Crying data represented in a parallel set plot by Robin Weis. Taken from https://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11744768/crying-spreadsheet

Personally, I like the decision to go with the parallel set plot. Although this is a traditional visualisation technique (of which could be argued that they do not offer the same depth and connection as other types of data representations, e.g. [1,2]), the flow of the chart reminds me of the flow of her tears—probably an intentional decision.

Interestingly, this datafication experience had both positive (e.g., “I came to terms with my dissonance about being strong and sensitive at the same time.”) and negative consequences (e.g., “It became a compulsion to check the time every time I started (and stopped) crying”). Robin Weis’ reflection on the process already gives insights in what it is like to data-fy such a personal (and sensitive) experience. However, for me, it also triggers questions. For example, what other aspects could have been tracked? And what about the vanity of crying (do you gave the feeling you need to stay composed or could you fully let go)?

Sources:

The original work and article can be found here: http://robinwe.is/explorations/cry.html . Together with the more elaborate article for vox.com (content warning, the article mentions a suicide attempt): https://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11744768/crying-spreadsheet

All quotes are taken from the vox.com article, as it contained more elaborate descriptions.

Referenced papers:

[1] Dietmar Ofenhuber. 2020. What we talk about when we talk about data physicality. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 40, 6 (June 2020), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2020.3024146

[2] Rosa van Koningsbruggen and Eva Hornecker. 2021. “It’s Just a Graph” – The Effect of Post-Hoc Rationalisation on InfoVis Evaluation. In Creativity and Cognition (C&C ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 45, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3450741.3465257

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Le théâtre des émotions

https://www.marmottan.fr/expositions/le-theatre-des-emotions/
Claude-Marie Dubufe, La Lettre de Wagram, 1827, Rouen, Réunion des Musées Métropolitains Rouen Normandie, musée des Beaux-Arts © C. Lancien, C. Loisel /Réunion des Musées Métropolitains Rouen Normandie.

Liebe Crying-Members,

wie hat sich die Darstellung von Emotion und Tränen im Laufe der Kunstgeschichte gewandelt?

Dieser Frage hat sich die Ausstellung “Theater der Emotionen” im Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris gewidmet (13.4. bis 21.8.22). Auf der Website rechts https://www.marmottan.fr/expositions/le-theatre-des-emotions/ findet sich das Téléchargez Le Dossier De Presse, 28 Seiten mit zahlreichen, teils tränenreichen Abbildungen (https://www.marmottan.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DP-TDE-PAGES-SIMPLES.pdf).

Arte hat das Thema in einem zweiminütigen Bericht zusammengefasst: https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/108886-000-A/das-theater-um-emotionen-kunst-und-gefuehle/

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T w o I n s t a l l a t i o n s b y ………. B a r b a r a KR U G E R

PLEASE CRY, BY BARBARA KRUGER

Barbara Kruger (b. 1945) has been known since the 1970s for her large-scale graphic works featuring sharply worded statements or short texts, which she uses to examine and interrogate common social stereotypes from a feminist and consumerism-critical perspective. She addresses how images and ideas are circulated and perceived today.

In an expansive text installation, Kruger combines her own texts with quotes from George Orwell, James Baldwin, and Walter Benjamin.

In the center is a sentence taken from Orwell’s 1984 book:

“If you want an image of the future, imagine a boot trampling on a human face, forever. “

This nightmarish vision of a totalitarian state originated from Orwell, directly following the Second World War. The statement was intended as a reckoning and reflection on the National Socialist dictatorship in Germany. In his novel 1984, Orwell issued a universal and timeless warning to society to question and critisise any form of state violence and control. By citing this well-known quote, Barbara Kruger also recalls the universal dangers that can arise at any time from repressive structures and nations. Given the current war in Europe, this warning about violence brought about by a totalitarian state seems all the more prescient.

The literary quotes are accompanied by short texts written by the artist that have been adopted from social media news. They address visitors directly and refer to the discrepancies between self-perception and self-alienation, for instance, “Please cry” or “Is that all there is?”. In contrast to Mies van der Rohe’s classical and austere architecture, Kruger employs her own distinctive aesthetic while fundamentally questioning the consumer-oriented, uncritical ways of life that characterise many of today’s societies.

*Text taken from the official website of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

“Untitled (Beginning/Middle/End)” by Barbara Kruger

This project is a part of Venice Biennale 2022: The Milk of Dreams Images courtesy of La Biennale di Venezia and Sprüth Magers. Photos by Timo Ohler.

It is a large-scale text installation that includes 3 video channels.

The artist intervenes 3 official texts of the bureaucracy of the United States of America: the text to write a will, the text to venerate the flag, and the text that people recite when getting married.

Each text is on a different screen. Each text is typed letter by letter and each key word is constantly exchanged, generating possible alternatives in the reading of these “embedded literatures” in the public imagination.

The hesitation in the constant correction/editing of the animated texts is existential, humorous and also fatalistic. Each text animation is embedded in one of the 3 wall texts that make up the installation:

“IN THE BEGINNING THERE WAS CRYING”

“IN THE MIDDLE THERE WAS CONFUSION”

“IN THE END THERE WAS SILENCE”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdh4wYHDKOc

I wanted to show the work of Barbara Kruger because I consider that her work is a constant demand, a protest that works like crying, the texts that cry on the walls, the words are like tears that run through the architecture. Tantrum texts, whim letters, sounds of sobs, walls of screams.

Her texts go beyond the moral, they are not about slogans or duties, they are more questions, or existentialist sentences that open thought and generate debate and doubts. This textual vulnerability somehow resonates or echoes the vulnerability with which we cry.

Something that interests me is how the text is interrupted, how the text breaks, and how this is similar to crying. Crying is like a moment of oxygenation in which the speech is interrupted. She is interrupting the architecture, or even interrupting famous quotes, or legal texts… she is continually interrupting the text itself. She invites you to read with the body. You access the text by fragments, your body is interrupting the text. Isn’t crying the interruption of speech, or the broken linearity of thoughts?

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P e u t -ê t r e , m a i s c e n ‘e s t p a s v r a i / A u -t o r-m i e n t a

Peut-être, mais ce n’est pas vrai / Au- tor- mienta. Víctor del Oral, 2017, 2018…
Installation/performance (Lecto_escultura) at Lobby Gallery, Ecole Superieure d Art , Aix en Provence, France.

Hanging from the ceiling and just above my head, there is a black plastic bag containing 50 liters of water. As the reading progresses I pierce the bag with metal nails taped to my fingers and a constant stream of water falls on my head. It was a kind of self-inflicted storm, a brainstorm that soaks me.

I was interested in constructing an image of myself giving a speech under a black cloud, the experience of reading in a downpour, of wetting the text, bringing it to a state of vulnerability and fragility while it was being read.

In some way, it was a massive outburst of crying, an attempt to return to that primal moment, to that point of origin, the crying of a newborn at birth, that first vocalization we make when we are still covered in placenta.

Text: poems by Víctor del Oral.

This performance has been presented twice, one in Lobby Gallery, Ecole Superieure d Art , Aix en Provence, France, and another in the Obrera Centro cultural space in Mexico City, 2018.

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MY GRANDMOTHER AND ME

My Grandmother and Me, Víctor del Oral, 2016
B/W Photograph. Digital Print. Variable dimensions

One gesture, two images. A portrait and a self-portrait. A combination of two photographs taken in the same year. In the image on the left, me crying, a moment of loneliness, sadness and anguish. In the image on the right, a photo of my grandmother crying with joy at the baptism of her first great-granddaughter.

Despite the fact that the reasons for crying are very different, one of pain, the other of happiness, the gesture is the same. This point is the central axis of this work: the closest two points in the circumference of a circle are, at the same time, the two points furthest away from each other. How is it possible that similar forms can carry different meanings ?

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MOTHERHOOD IS FULL OF TEARS

Motherhood is a time of heightened emotions, full of joys and pressures. Crying abounds from both the mother and the child beginning with that collective first cry – ‘I just gave birth’ + ‘I just entered the world’.  A mothers body and brain change in preparation to be receptive to her baby’s cries, which the baby uses to communicate its needs.

There are also many triggers for crying for the mother. Expectations, judgements and insecurities are a part of the experience of motherhood and act as crying triggers amidst the roller-coaster of hormonal and bodily changes.

  • My body is out of my control crying.
  • My hormones are taking control crying. 
  • I am full of self doubt crying.
  • It hurts, crying.
  • I am not enough, self doubt crying.
  • Crying as communication.
  • Hungry crying.
  • Exhausted crying.
  • Happy crying.
  • My life has been turned upside down crying.
  • I don’t know what I am doing crying.
  • That movie was mildly touching crying.
  • That collective first cry – I just gave birth crying +  I just entered the world crying.
Hormonal, physical and neurological responses.

MER – milk ejection reflex is a reaction in a breast feeding mothers body to her babies cry.  On hearing a baby cry oxytocin and prolactin – the two main hormones involved in milk production – are produced. Oxytocin is produced more quickly and is responsible for contracting the cells around the alveoli (where the milk is stored) causing existing milk to be pushed out. This can happen when your own baby cries or for some women when any baby cries.

Study Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry’ shows that there are common behavioural responses among mothers to crying children and that these responses are aligned with the areas activated in the brain. They also show that these brain activations are stronger in mothers than in non-mothers and that mothers brains are very quickly adapting to their infant’s forms of communication.

Another study showed significant shrinkage of grey matter in the brains of mothers, again showing a neurological development through pregnancy and motherhood and clear difference between mothers and non-mothers. This was likely related to a streamlining process making the brain more efficient in areas around reading the emotions and desires of others, however the exact purpose was unclear to researchers.

EXPECTATIONS + INSECURITIES

The studies above are interesting to point out some of the neurological and hormonal mechanism for a mother to connect with her child. However they don’t explain all the ways that a woman is changed through pregnancy, the process of motherhood and the effects of social pressures relating to her new role as ‘mother’ and all that that entails. The two examples of artistic works below are useful to expand on the insecurities and expectations of motherhood.

Mother, 2005 (video still). Candice Breitz.

MOTHER, 2005  – CANDICE BREITZ

This 6 channel video installation by Candice Breitz, edits together snippets of famous actors playing the role of mothers.  Interestingly the work begins with crying. The work is highly performative, here Breitz reiterates cliched ideas of motherhood by cutting, repeating and overlaying scenes from the six films. But the work also hits on some of the key insecurities, fears (“I’m scared) guilt (“I never wanted to be a mum”) and loss of self (“I always felt like somebodies wife or mother or daughter) felt by mothers. 

MOTHER MACHINES 2022 – COMPUTATIONAL MAMA

In her series of videos ‘Mother Machines’, Computational Mama experiments with AI image generators, pushing the algorithms to depict more realistic images of motherhood – the tired, stressed, multi-tasking and sometimes crying mum, the reality of being a freelance, artistic mother and move away from clichéd  images of motherly perfection.

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Crying Rooms

Where do you cry?


I

University of Newcastle’s professor of architecture, Michael Chapman, had a speculative idea to build a machine with a social conscience – Crying Room.

Aiming to trigger a cathartic act of crying, the space is imagined to be filled with slices of onions for the crying stimulation. The room was described as humorous and surreal – an antidote for the troubling times.

Crying Room by Michael Chapman

Quoting Victor Hugo, professor Chapman’s entry for the Crying Room was conceptualized with the sentences:
”Those who do not weep, do not see.” (Les Misérables)

A modern form of a (crying) restaurant

By pulling on the handles from the crying room, the inhabitant initiates the guillotine action of the blades to slice the onions. Bellow the room the onion soup produced by The Crier is served to the community that gathers. Besides the onion action and comfortable chair, on the table, there is a bottle of whisky and a package of cigarettes.

The Crying room is portable and mobile, meant to be moved around the city on wheels – to wherever the need for weeping is.

Crying Room by Michael Chapman

II

”If you want to cry, go to the crying room”. Tackling mental health stigma in Spain’s capital, Madrid – welcome to La Lloreria (Crying room).

In 2019, 3,671 people died from suicide in Spain, the second most common cause of death after natural causes. One in 10 adolescents has been diagnosed with a mental health condition while 5.8% of the overall population suffers from anxiety, according to government data.

Crying Room, Copyright  JUAN MEDINA/REUTERS

From the crying corner to the signed as ”enter and cry” or ”I also have anxiety” the Crying Room is symbolizing anxiety, its acceptance, and solution. Mental health is still seen as taboo and should be banished – the work emphasizes.
Not just conceptual, but practical, La Lloreria has a corner with the number of people you can call when you are feeling down (e.g. psychologist).

The neon message on the cage reads: “I also have anxiety.”JUAN MEDINA/REUTERS

“It is a really excellent idea to visualize the mental health issue. It is stigmatized to cry in Spain as in many other countries.”

student from Madrid

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Gangster Tears

illegal tears

criminal cry

tears as a permanent statement

crying as an act of strength

tears as an offence

crying as a sentence

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Tränen&Gas&Patronen

Mit ihrer Video-Investigation „Triple-Chaser“, 2019 auf der Whitney-Biennale in New York gezeigt, operiert Forensic Architecture auf mehreren investigativen Ebenen:

  • Die Videountersuchung (gemeinsam mit Praxis Film) informiert über die Geschäfte des mittlerweile ehemaligen Vize-Vorstands des Kuratoriums des Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Warren B. Kanders: Kanders besitzt Anteile am US-amerikanischen Geschosshersteller „Sierra Bullets“, das Hochgeschwindigkeitsgeschosse produziert, die u. a. vom israelischen Militär in Gaza gegen zivile Demonstrant*innen eingesetzt wurden. Kanders Firma „Safariland“ stellt unter anderem Tränengaspatronen her, mit denen an der US-Mexikanischen Grenze Asylsuchende und in Ferguson, Missouri, zivile Demonstranten beschossen wurden. Forensic Architecture belegt ebenfalls den Einsatz von Safariland-Produkten durch die Polizei während der Unruhen in Puerto Rico im Jahr 2018.
  • Für ihren Film „Triple-Chaser“ hat FA einen Algorithmus (als Open-Source-Software) darauf trainiert, auf Fotos Tränengaspatronen des Typs „Triple-Chaser“ von Safariland zu erkennen. Da Bilder dieser Munition selten sind, wurde ein digitales Modell erstellt, um die Munition anhand dieses Modells identifizieren zu können.
  • FA zog am 20. Juli 2019 ihren Betrag aus der Whitney-Biennale zurück. Diese Entscheidung war eine Reaktion auf die Untätigkeit des Whitney Museums im Umgang mit den Vorwürfen gegen Kanders. Nach Protesten von “Decolonize This Place” trat Kanders am 25. Juli 2019 aus dem Kuratorium des Whitney zurück. Daraufhin entschied FA zusammen mit anderen, ihre Beiträge zur Whitney-Biennale nicht zurückzuziehen.

Forensic Architecture ist eine multidisziplinäre Forscher*innengruppe, bestehend aus Architekt*innen, Archäolog*innen, IT-Spezialist*innen, Künstler*innen, Filmemacher*innen und Rechtsanwält*innen unter der Leitung von Eyal Weizman, mit Sitz am Londoner Goldsmiths. 

Seit 2011 klärt FA unter Einsatz architektonischer Techniken und Technologien, räumlicher und medialer Untersuchungsmethoden, Bildgebungs- und Bilddeutungsverfahren weltweite Fälle staatlicher Gewalt und von Menschenrechtsverletzungen auf, z.B. in Argentinien, Griechenland, Indonesien, Irak, im Mittelmehr, Pakistan, Spanien, Serbien, USA und in Deutschland. Auf der Grundlage sowohl von öffentlich zugänglichem Bild-, Ton- und Textmaterial als auch von Datenleaks erarbeitet FA Gegenbeweise zu staatlichen Informationspolitiken und Beweismittel für Klagen. FA unterstützt damit Menschenrechts- und Umweltorganisationen bei Beweisführungen etwa am Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte in Straßburg.

Abb.: Three Doors, Forensic Architecture/Forensis, Initiative 19. Februar Hanau, Initiative in Gedenken an Oury Jalloh @ HKW Berlin, 5.11. bis 30.12.2022
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ignition

imagine two
who
love to play
setting on fire
what’s on their way

imagine two
who
love to fight
taking no prisoners
as they burn bright

imagine two
who
don’t pull back
when the pain peaks
and there’s blood on the tracks

imagine two
tears on my pillow

BK January 2021